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Yad Vashem Photo Archives 4613/525
Yad Vashem Photo Archives 5845/1
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Yad Vashem Photo Archives 90GO7
Yad Vashem Photo Archives 9DO5
Yad Vashem Photo Archives 1388
Druckman gave the chess game to his friend Menachem Scharf as a farewell gift, when the region was liberated in 1944.
Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection
Donated by Menachem Scharf, Israel
The 12 sections of this belt were handmade in the Vapniarca camp by Iuliu (Gyula) Frenkel. Frenkel, a Jew and a liberal activist opposed to the local Fascist movement in his home town of Turda, Romania, was deported to the Vapniarca concentration camp in 1942. The sections of the belt describe the chain of events experienced by the camp inmates, from their arrival in the crammed cattle-car, until the evacuation of the camp.
Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection
Courtesy of George Frenkel, USA, & Julius Frenkel, Jerusalem
This box, which originally contained tea, was taken to one of the camps in Transnistria. It was later used to hold etrogim, both in the camp and in Czernowitz, where it was taken after the war.
Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection
Donated by Noah Kempinski, Romania
When the survivors returned home, the Torah scroll was brought to the synagogue in Czernowitz.
Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection
Donated by Noah Kempinski, Romania
Collection of the Yad Vashem Art Museum, Jerusalem
Romania, an ally of Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1944, had a Jewish population of about 757,000 before World War II. Extreme antisemitic tendencies, long evident in the country, escalated on the eve of the war.
In June 1941, in the weeks following the invasion of the USSR by Nazi Germany and the Romanian army (under the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu), the Romanian army, with the partial cooperation of Einsatzgruppe D and some of the local population, massacred 100,000-120,000 of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and North Bukovina (areas annexed by the USSR from Romania in June 1940). The slaughter was carried out on the orders of Marshal Ion Antonescu, the fascist dictator of Romania. Similar massacres were carried out by the Romanian army in Western Ukraine and especially in the city of Odessa. Prior to this, Romanian soldiers, police and civilians slaughtered 15,000 Jews in the city of Iasi and carried out pogroms against the Jews of other cities in Romanian territory.
In Summer-Autumn 1941on the orders of the Romanian authorities, survivors of the massacre in Bessarabia and North Bukovina together with Jews from South Bukovina and the Dorohoi region (which were part of Romania) were brutally deported to the ghettoes and death camps of Transnistria in West Ukraine, a largely unsettled area between the Dniester and Bug rivers that Nazi Germany had ceded to Romania in return for its participation in the war against the Soviet Union. From the time of their deportation to Transnistria until their liberation by the Red Army in March 1944, 120,000 of the deportees perished as a result of murder, hypothermia, starvation and epidemics. This in addition to the tens of thousands of the local Jews in Transnistria who were victims of the Romanian invasion.
In total, 380,000 – 400,000 Jews, including the Jews of Transnistria, were murdered in Romanian-controlled areas under the dictatorship of Antonescu.
